Source/drain extension control for advanced transistors

ABSTRACT

A planar transistor with improved performance has a source and a drain on a semiconductor substrate that includes a substantially undoped channel extending between the source and the drain. A gate is positioned over the substantially undoped channel on the substrate. Implanted source/drain extensions contact the source and the drain, with the implanted source/drain extensions having a dopant concentration of less than about 1×10 19  atoms/cm 3 , or alternatively, less than one-quarter the dopant concentration of the source and the drain.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/770,313 filed Feb. 19, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/960,289 and now U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,551 issued Mar. 26, 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure relates to structures and processes for forming advanced transistors with improved operational characteristics, the structures including improved channel, source/drain extensions, gate spacers, or reduced channel dopant contamination, and integrated circuits and systems containing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fitting more transistors onto a single die is desirable to reduce cost of electronics and improve their functional capability. A common strategy employed by semiconductor manufacturers is to simply reduce gate size of a field effect transistor (FET), and proportionally shrink area of the transistor source, drain, and required interconnects between transistors. However, a simple proportional shrink is not always possible because of what are known as “short channel effects.” Short channel effects are particularly acute when channel length under a transistor gate is comparable in magnitude to depletion depth of an operating transistor, and can include reduction in threshold voltage, severe surface scattering, drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL), source/drain punch through, and electron mobility issues.

Conventional approaches to mitigating some short channel effects can involve implantation of pocket or halo implants around the source and the drain. Halo implants can be symmetrical or asymmetrical with respect to a transistor source and drain, and typically provide a smoother dopant gradient between a transistor well and the source and drains. Unfortunately, while such implants improve some electrical characteristics such as threshold voltage rolloff and drain induced barrier lowering, the resultant increased channel doping can adversely affect electron mobility and reduce channel transconductance, primarily because of the increased dopant scattering in the channel.

Many semiconductor manufacturers have attempted to reduce short channel effects by employing new transistor types, including fully or partially depleted silicon on insulator (SOI) transistors. SOI transistors are built on a thin layer of silicon that overlies an insulator layer, have an undoped or low doped channel that minimizes short channel effects, and do not require deep well implants for operation. Unfortunately, creating a suitable insulator layer is expensive and difficult to accomplish. Modern SOI technology can use silicon wafers, but tends to require expensive and time consuming additional wafer processing steps to make an insulative silicon oxide layer that extends across the entire wafer below a surface layer of device-quality single-crystal silicon.

One common approach to making such a silicon oxide layer on a silicon wafer involves high dose ion implantation of oxygen and high temperature annealing to form a buried oxide (BOX) layer in a bulk silicon wafer. Alternatively, SOI wafers can be fabricated by bonding a silicon wafer to another silicon wafer (a “handle” wafer) that has an oxide layer on its surface. Both BOX formation and layer transfer, however, tend to be costly manufacturing techniques with a relatively high failure rate. Accordingly, manufacture of SOI transistors is not an economically attractive solution for many leading manufacturers. Factors including cost of transistor redesign to cope with “floating body” effects, the need to develop new SOI specific transistor processes, and other circuit changes is added to SOI wafer costs, render these solutions undesirable in many situations.

Another possible advanced transistor that has been investigated uses multiple gate transistors that, like SOI transistors, minimize short channel effects by having little or no doping in the channel. Commonly known as a finFET (due to a fin-like shaped channel partially surrounded by gates), use of finFET transistors has been proposed for transistors having 28 nanometer or lower transistor gate size. But again, like SOI transistors, while moving to a radically new transistor architecture solves some short channel effect issues, it creates others, often requiring even more significant transistor layout redesign than SOI. Considering the likely need for complex non-planar transistor manufacturing techniques to make a finFET, and the unknown difficulty in creating a new process flow for finFET, manufacturers have been reluctant to invest in semiconductor fabrication facilities capable of making finFETs.

Deeply depleted channel (DEC) transistors that include both a substantially undoped channel and a highly doped, deeply buried, “screening” layer that sets depletion depth of an operating transistor have potential as a cost effective and manufacturable alternative to SOI and finFET transistors. As compared to conventional transistors that use heavily doped channels, the use of an undoped channel can substantially reduce variations in threshold voltage attributable to random dopant fluctuations in the channel. The tight control of threshold voltage variation can also enable transistor designers to reduce transistor operating voltage and/or create transistors that either switch quickly (low threshold voltage transistors) or save power (high threshold voltage transistors) while switching somewhat slower. Unlike SOI transistors, DEC transistor structures and processes tend not to require a BOX or other insulating layer below the channel to have a tight control of threshold voltage; and unlike finFETs, DDC transistors tend not to require an extensive redesign of circuit layout for operation. DDC transistors are described more fully in the following patent applications, owned by Suvolta, Inc., the assignee of this patent application, and incorporated by reference in their entireties: Appl. Ser. No. 12/708,497 entitled “Electronic Devices and Systems, and Methods for Making and Using the Same”; Appl, No. 61/323,255, entitled “Low Power Transistors, Systems, and Process Improvements”; and Appl. No. 61/357,492 entitled. “Diverse and Low Power Transistors, Systems, and Process improvements.”

Threshold voltage control, as well as efficient operation of DDC transistors, can require careful attention to undoped channel characteristics, including channel length, depth, and dopant gradient at source/drain contacts with the channel. Unfortunately, traditional techniques for controlling channel spacing and reducing short channel effects can require source/drain extensions (typically formed by out-diffusion under gate spacers) or halo implants to reduce source/drain junction gradients. Source/drain extensions (also known as lightly doped drains—“LDDs”) may be created to slightly reduce channel length by extending the source/drain toward each other using low-energy dopant implants of the same dopant type as the source and drain. Halo implants may be created by high angle implants of counterdopants around the source/drain that help prevent overexpansion of the drain depletion region into the transistor channel. Unfortunately, both conventional source/drain extensions and halo implants can cause contamination of a channel with unwanted dopants, reducing or destroying the advantages of the undoped channel or transistors with DDC structures.

The problem of channel dopant contamination can become even more acute when die supporting multiple transistor types or requiring multiple implants are implicated. Multiple implants increase the likelihood of dopant diffusion into the channel, with each implant becoming a potential source of channel contamination. In addition, each separate source/drain extension, and halo implant process step can cause silicon erosion of the substrate layer due to a cleaning (ashing) step, and can risks damage to transistor gate dielectric corners due to lateral oxidation. In “system on a chip,” microprocessor, or mixed signal processors, as well as many other advanced devices such as memory, FPGA, or analog/digital sensors, dozens of separate source/drain extensions and halo implants are often used in every die, with each implant process step introducing more dopant contaminants, slightly degrading the transistor gate structure, and increasing the risk of transistor failure. Even simple time delays between source/drain extensions and halo implant process steps can cause increased exposure of the gate dielectric layers to oxidation that damages the gate dielectric. While use of silicon nitride “L”-shaped spacers has been suggested to protect gate dielectrics from lateral oxidation “corner” attack during the multiple source/drain extensions and halo implant process steps, the space required to form L spacers typically reduces inter-transistor spacing, and complicates other processing steps such as growth or placement of tensile films or source/drain strain implants.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a DDC transistor with source/drain extensions that does not require halo implants;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating source/drain extension dopant density for a conventional doped channel transistor (dotted line) and DDC transistor (solid line);

FIG. 3 is a prior art embodiment of a portion of two gates, each having silicon nitride L-spacers; and

FIG. 4 is an embodiment of a portion of two gates, each having spacers suitable for haloless transistor structures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

An improved transistor manufacturable on bulk CMOS substrates is seen in FIG. 1. A Field Effect Transistor (FET) 100 is configured to have greatly reduced short channel effects and decreased variation in threshold voltage due, in part, to minimization of channel dopants. The FET 100 includes a gate electrode 102, source 104, drain 106, and a gate dielectric 108 positioned over a channel 110. In operation, the channel 110 is deeply depleted, forming what can be described as deeply depleted channel (DDC) as compared to conventional transistors, with depletion depth set in part by a highly doped screening region 112. While the channel 110 is substantially undoped, and positioned as illustrated above a highly doped screening region 112, it may include simple or complex layering with different dopant concentrations. This doped layering can include a threshold voltage set region 111 with a dopant concentration less than screening region 112, optionally positioned between the gate dielectric 108 and the screening region 112 in the channel 110. A threshold voltage set region 111 permits small adjustments in operational threshold voltage of the FET 100, while leaving the bulk of the channel 110 substantially undoped. In particular, that portion of the channel 110 adjacent to the gate dielectric 108 should remain undoped. Additionally, a punch through suppression region 113 is formed beneath the screening region 112. Like the threshold voltage set region 111, the punch through suppression region 113 has a dopant concentration less than screening region 112, while being higher than the overall dopant concentration of a lightly doped P-well 114 and substrate 116.

In operation, a bias voltage 122 VBS may be applied to source 104 to further modify operational threshold voltage, and P+ terminal 126 can be connected to P-well 114 at connection 124 to close the circuit. The gate stack includes a gate electrode 102, gate contact 118 and a gate dielectric 108. Gate spacers 130 are included to separate the gate from the source and drain, and implanted source/drain extensions (SDE) 132 extend the source and drain under the gate spacers and gate dielectric 108, reducing the gate length and improving electrical characteristics of FET 100.

In this exemplary embodiment, the FET 100 is shown as an N-channel transistor having a source and drain made of N-type dopant material, formed upon a substrate as P-type doped silicon substrate providing a P-well 114 formed on a substrate 116. However, it will be understood that, with appropriate change to substrate or dopant material, a non-silicon P-type semiconductor transistor formed from other suitable substrates such as Gallium Arsenide based materials may be substituted. The source 104 and drain 106 can be formed using conventional dopant implant processes and materials, and may include, for example, modifications such as stress inducing source/drain structures, raised and/or recessed source/drains, asymmetrically doped, counter-doped or crystal structure modified source/drains, or implant doping of source/drain extension regions according to LDD (low doped drain) techniques. Various other techniques to modify source/drain operational characteristics can also be used, including, in certain embodiments, use of heterogeneous dopant materials as compensation dopants to modify electrical characteristics.

Certain embodiments of the FET 100 omit entirely (or have a very light implant dose) halo implants to a region around the source/drain. Halo implants create a localized, graded dopant distribution near a transistor source and drain that extends into the channel. Halo implants are often required by transistor designers who want to reduce unwanted source/drain leakage conduction or “punch through” current. Unfortunately halo implants tend to introduce dopant contaminants into the channel. These contaminants can shift threshold voltage, increase the variability of threshold voltage between transistors, and decrease mobility and channel transconductance due to the adverse effects of dopant scattering centers in the channel. In addition, halo implants generally require at least two separate processing steps with the die wafer being rotated between different positions (e.g. 0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees), and die with multiple transistor types can even require multiple separate halo implants.

One embodiment of PET 100 supports use of lightly implanted halos with a tightly controlled diffusion spread that minimally impact the channel dopant density, which normally remains below about 5×10¹⁷ dopant atoms per cm³ adjacent or near the gate dielectric 108. Halo dopant density should be selected to ensure that there is little or no shift in threshold voltage, which is primarily set by the combination of gate electrode 102, threshold voltage set region 111 and screening region 112. In addition, if light halo implants are used, lateral diffusion or migration of dopants from the halo should be controlled to maintain a dopant concentration of less than about 5×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³ in a channel volume extending between the implanted source/drain extensions 132.

Other embodiments of FET 100 substantially do not use halo implants at all. Such “haloless” transistors and processes cost less to manufacture because halo implant process steps are not required, and eliminate any chance of failure due to misaligned halo implants or unwanted contamination of the undoped channel. Since advanced die manufacturing processes currently require dozens of high angle implants, eliminating or greatly reducing the number of halo implants significantly reduces manufacture time and simplifies die processing. This is especially important for die having gate lengths of 65 nanometers or less (commonly known as a 32 nanometer “node”). With a gate length of 65 nanometers, the channel length between the source and drain is so short that poorly aligned halo implants can easily contaminate the entire channel, greatly decreasing channel mobility and increasing threshold voltage variation. This problem increases as node size is reduced to 45 nm, 32 nm, 28 nm, 22 nm, or even 15 nm, so any process or transistor that requires minimal or no halo implants provides a significant advantage.

The gate electrode 102 can be formed from conventional materials, preferably including, but not limited to, metals, metal alloys, metal nitrides and metal silicides, as well as laminates thereof and composites thereof. In certain embodiments the gate electrode 102 may also be formed from polysilicon, including, for example, highly doped polysilicon and polysilicon-germanium alloy. Metals or metal alloys may include those containing aluminum, titanium, tantalum, or nitrides thereof, including titanium containing compounds such as titanium nitride. Formation of the gate electrode 102 can include silicide methods, chemical vapor deposition methods and physical vapor deposition methods, such as, but not limited to, evaporative methods and sputtering methods. Typically, the gate electrode 102 has an overall thickness from about 1 to about 500 nanometers.

The gate dielectric 108 may include conventional dielectric materials such as oxides, nitrides and oxynitrides. Alternatively, the gate dielectric 108 may include generally higher dielectric constant dielectric materials including, but not limited to hafnium oxides, hafnium silicates, zirconium oxides, lanthanum oxides, titanium oxides, barium-strontium-titanates and lead-zirconate-titanates, metal based dielectric materials, and other materials having dielectric properties. Preferred hafnium-containing oxides include HfO2, HfZrOx, HfSiOx, HfTiOx, HfAlOx, and the like. Depending on composition and available deposition processing equipment, the gate dielectric 108 may be formed by such methods as thermal or plasma oxidation, nitridation methods, chemical vapor deposition methods (including atomic layer deposition methods) and physical vapor deposition methods. In some embodiments, multiple or composite layers, laminates, and compositional mixtures of dielectric materials can be used. For example, a gate dielectric can be formed from a SiO2-based insulator having a thickness between about 0.3 and 1 nm and the hafnium oxide based insulator having a thickness between 0.5 and 4 nm. Typically, the gate dielectric has an overall thickness from about 0.5 to about 5 nanometers.

The channel 110 is formed below the gate dielectric 108 and above the highly doped screening region 112. The channel 110 also contacts and extends between, the source 104 and the drain 106. Preferably, the channel region includes substantially undoped silicon having a dopant concentration less than 5×10¹⁷ dopant atoms per cm³ adjacent or near the gate dielectric 108. Channel thickness can typically range from 5 to 50 nanometers. In certain embodiments the channel 110 is formed by epitaxial growth of pure or substantially pure silicon on the screening region. Alternatively, silicon germanium or other advanced channel material can be used.

The effective length of channel 110 between the source and the drain is somewhat reduced by the source/drain extensions 132 that extend the source 104 and drain 106 under the gate (which includes gate electrode 102 and gate dielectric 108). As shown, the source/drain extensions 132 extend toward each other from the respective source and drains, extending under the gate spacers 130 and under at least a portion of gate dielectric 108. Source/drain extensions are also known as lightly doped drains (LDD) or double diffused drains (DOD) and are typically employed to reduce channel length, to reduce channel hot carriers, and to reduce other short channel effects that adversely affect transistor performance. For improved operation, FET 100 has source/drain extensions that are carefully implanted to provide a desired dopant concentration that is substantially greater than the channel dopant concentration; and the same or less than the source/drain dopant concentration. In certain embodiments, source/drain extensions dopant concentration is selected to be less than one-quarter (¼) the dopant concentration of the source and drain. For best performance, source/drain extensions dopant concentration is generally selected to be between one-quarter and one-twentieth ( 1/20) the source/drain dopant concentration. After implant, process conditions, including annealing temperatures, are selected to prevent dopant contamination of the channel between the source/drain extensions by diffusion or migration.

Source/drain extension dopant density is difficult to control in transistors because of variations in implant conditions, post-implant diffusion, annealing and dopant activation conditions, and even variations in optional anti-migration techniques such as carbon implant. In a conventional MOSFET, threshold voltage (V_(T)) and statistical measure of threshold voltage variation (σV_(T)) are set by the doping concentration (and the doping concentration variation) in the channel layer. Typically, this V_(T) “adjust” involves multiple dopant implants directly into or near the channel (e.g. halo implants that result in dopant diffusion into the channel) to yield a post-anneal dopant concentration in the channel that is greater than about 5×10¹⁸ dopant atoms per cm³. Because of this, in the conventional MOSFET, an even higher dose source/drain extension is needed in the channel to properly extend the source/drain. However, such high dose implant causes excess straggle (a statistical measure of the spread of dopants) that increase σV_(T), and cause high overlap capacitance. Because the DDC channel dopant concentration is about an order of magnitude less than that of the conventional MOSFET, a source/drain extension activation implant used to fabricate a DDC transistor has a dose that that can be more than 10 times lower than that required to fabricate a conventional MOSFET. This is seen in FIG. 2, where a chart 200 compares dopant density of conventional MOSFET source/drain extensions and channel dopant density (dotted lines), with DDC source/drain extensions requiring a greatly reduced source/drain extension and channel dopant density (solid lines). The relative channel versus source/drain extension dopant density is about the same for both transistor types, but the DDC source/drain extensions will have substantially improved σV_(T), will provide improved contact resistance, and will be less subject to adverse short channel effects.

As further disclosed in FIG. 1, the threshold voltage set region 111 is positioned above screening region 112, and is typically formed as a thin doped region, layer, or plane that, like the source/drain extensions, is processed so that the channel dopant concentration remains low. Instead of conventional channel implants to adjust threshold voltage, DDC transistors rely in part on varying dopant concentration, thickness, and separation from the gate dielectric and the screening region allows for controlled slight adjustments of threshold voltage in the operating FET 100. In certain embodiments, the threshold voltage set region 111 is doped to have a concentration between about 1×10¹⁸ dopant atoms per cm3 and about 1×10¹⁹ dopant atoms per cm³. The threshold voltage set region 111 can be formed by several different processes, including 1) in-situ epitaxial doping, 2) epitaxial growth of a thin layer of silicon followed by a tightly controlled dopant implant (e.g. delta doping), 3) epitaxial growth of a thin layer of silicon followed by dopant diffusion of atoms from the screening region 112, or 4) by any combination of these processes (e.g. epitaxial growth of silicon followed by both dopant implant and diffusion from the screening region 112). In certain embodiments, very low channel contamination is possible by use of delta doped planes can be deposited by molecular beam epitaxy, organometallic decomposition, atomic layer deposition or other conventional processing techniques, including chemical or physical vapor deposition. Such delta doped planes can be offset positioned below the substantially undoped channel and above the screening region 112.

As seen in FIG. 1, a highly doped screening region 112 is set below the channel and any threshold voltage set region 111. The screening region 112 in large part sets the depth of the depletion zone of an operating FET 100. Advantageously, the screening region 112 (and associated depletion depth) is set at a depth that ranges from one comparable to the gate length (Lg/1) to a depth that is a large fraction of the gate length (Lg/5). In preferred embodiments, the typical range is between Lg/3 to Lg/1.5. Devices having an Lg/2 or greater are preferred for extremely low power operation, while digital or analog devices operating at higher voltages can often be formed with a screening region between Lg/5 and Lg/2. For example, a transistor having a gate length of 32 nanometers could be formed to have a screening region that has a peak dopant density at a depth below the gate dielectric of about 16 nanometers (Lg/2), along with a threshold voltage set region at peak dopant density at a depth of 8 nanometers (Lg/4).

In certain embodiments, the screening region 112 is doped to have a concentration between about 5×10¹⁸ dopant atoms per cm3 and about 1×10²⁰ dopant atoms per cm³, significantly more than the dopant concentration of the undoped channel, and at least slightly greater than the dopant concentration of the optional threshold voltage set region 111. As will be appreciated, exact dopant concentrations and screening region depths can be modified to improve desired operating characteristics of FET 100, or to take in to account available transistor manufacturing processes and process conditions.

To help control leakage, the punch through suppression region 113 is formed beneath the screening region 112. Typically, the punch through suppression region 113 is formed by direct implant into a lightly doped well, but it be formed by out-diffusion from the screening region, in-situ growth, or other known process. Like the threshold voltage set region 111, the punch through suppression region 113 has a dopant concentration less than the screening region 122, typically set between about 1×10¹⁹ dopant atoms per cm3 and about 1×10¹⁹ dopant atoms per cm3. In addition, the punch through suppression region 113 dopant concentration is set higher than the overall dopant concentration of the well substrate. As will be appreciated, exact dopant concentrations and depths can be modified to improve desired operating characteristics of FET 100, or to take in to account available transistor manufacturing processes and process conditions. The ability to precisely set threshold voltage with DDC transistors provides another advantage that simplifies die processing and allows for more compact transistor layouts.

Complex die supporting multiple device types benefit from other described improvements in transistor layout and processing. This is seen with respect to FIG. 3, which schematically illustrates a partial prior art multi-transistor structure 210 capable of being manufactured in a 28 nm node transistor manufacturing process. Two transistor gate structures 212 and 214 whose centers are separated by about 110 nm and whose opposing edges are separated by about 70 nm is shown. As further shown in FIG. 3, sidewall spacer structures 220 and 230 are respectively disposed along the sidewalls of gate structures 212 and 214, and are in abutting relationship that overlies a transistor substrate 240. To simplify the Figure and for ease of understanding, only spacer structures on opposing sides of the gate structures are shown, but it will be understood that the gate normally supports spacers on each side. In accordance with the prior art, spacer structures 220 and 230 can include thin silicon nitride layers 222 and 232 (with each silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer being about 5 nm to 15 nm thick) formed in the shape of an L (this is typically referred to in the art as an “L-spacer”). L-spacers are often used in conjunction with transistors requiring multiple source/drain extension implants, and are generally discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,235,597 and 7,759,206, both assigned to International Business Machines, Inc, Oxide spacers 216 and 218 are disposed on the silicon nitride L-spacers beside gate structures 212 and 214, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3, the distance between spacer structures 220 and 230 along substrate layer 240 (i.e., the spacer-to-spacer opening distance) is only about 30 nm. In addition, as shown in FIG. 3, gate structures 212 and 214 include gate dielectric layers 250 and 260, respectively. Gate dielectric layers must be protected from lateral oxidation during fabrication.

While being manufacturable, prior art spacer architecture such as shown in FIG. 3 is not ideal in applications at the 65 nm semiconductor node and smaller. For example, as indicated above, the spacer-to-spacer opening in a 28 nm node process is only about 30 nm. As a result, there is little room left for an oxide mask needed for epitaxial deposition of silicon germanium (SiGe) to induce strain in the channel of P-type FETs. In practice, for the configuration shown in FIG. 3, the oxide mask for EPI deposition needs a spacing of at least about 25 nm. Further, the L-spacer tends to erode at corners during the many etch and clean steps. As a result, during epitaxial SiGe deposition, SiGe nodules may form at exposed areas, and adversely affect the integrity of electrical connections to gate structures 212 and 214. Further, the spacer architecture shown in FIG. 3 leaves little or no room for further spacers used to provide appropriate source/drain offsets. Further, creating source/drain extensions by implant through the additional material of the L-spacer requires higher energy/dose, which increases straggle and caused increased unwanted variations in source/drain extension dopant positioning, as previously discussed in connection with FIG. 2.

In contrast to prior art FIG. 3, a multi-transistor structure 310 such as illustrated in FIG. 4 requires minimal or no halo implants, and can use simplified spacers that allow for greater inter-spacer dimensions. Such a spacer architecture is suitable for multiple transistor integrated circuits fabricated at 32 nm semiconductor technology node devices and smaller (i.e., 28, 22, 15 nm semiconductor technology node devices and so forth). Specifically, such an embodiment relates to spacer architecture for fabricating a CMOS integrated circuit that contains both n-type field effect transistors (NFET or NMOS) and p-type field effect transistors (PFET or PMOS) formed on a single wafer, die, or chip and having closely spaced transistor gates dimensioned to be less than 150 nm between gate centers. In addition, use of a DDC structure allows distinct transistor groupings that have different nominal threshold voltage specifications. Such transistors groupings can be formed from a single source/drain extension implant, or alternatively, allow for the reduction in number of source/drain extension implants (e.g. some number N device types on a die will require N-M number of source/drain extension implants, where M is an integer between 1 and N). In some embodiments, only a single source/drain extension implant is required for all transistor devices on a die, greatly reducing processing costs.

As shown in FIG. 4, semiconductor structure 310 includes two transistor gate structures 312 and 314 whose centers, like that of the transistors shown in FIG. 3, are separated by less than 110 nm. As further shown in FIG. 4, sidewall spacer structures 320 and 330, substantially formed from spacers 316 and 318 (typically composed of nitride or other dielectrics), are respectively disposed along the sidewalls of gate structures 312 and 314, and are in abutting relationship that overlies a transistor substrate 340 without interposition of an L-spacer of silicon nitride or other composition. Gate structures 312 and 314 include gate dielectric layers 350 and 360, respectively.

In contrast to the transistors shown in FIG. 3, the FIG. 4 spacer structures 320 and 330 do not have thin, L-shaped silicon nitride layers. Instead, spacers 316 and 318 are directly disposed on the gate structures 312 and 314, respectively. As shown in FIG. 4, this reduces the spacer distance and greatly improves the distance between spacer structures 320 and 330 along substrate layer 340 (i.e., the spacer-to-spacer opening distance).

Advantageously, spacer structures such as illustrated in FIG. 4 provide sufficient room for a mask, such as an oxide mask, used for selective epitaxial growth of strain layers in source/drain regions. Use of the above-described spacer architecture and reduction and/or elimination of source/drain extensions and halo implant process steps allows manufacture of smaller transistors with improved layout, allows for advanced tensile film placement or source/drain strain engineering, simplifies process flow, and eliminates or greatly decreases failure due to misalignment or incorrect halo implants.

Transistors having a DDC stack can be formed using planar bulk CMOS processing technology available for use at the various standard semiconductor technology nodes. Performance benefits are enhanced for technology nodes where gate length is less than or equal to 65 nanometers, including those at 65 nm, 45 nm, 32 nm, 28 nm, 22 nm and 15 nm, but both larger and smaller nodes can still benefit. While process flows for fabricating a device with NMOS and PMOS transistors having a DDC stack are described in detail in the above-identified patent applications, one embodiment for manufacture of a die including transistors without halo implants, without L-spacers, and with a DDC channel begins with an epitaxial wafer. The wafer can be implanted both with a highly doped screening region and a punchthrough layer below the screening region. In certain embodiments, dopant level of the punch through layer is less than that of the screening region. An epitaxial silicon layer is grown above the screening region, and some defined time during epitaxial growth a delta doped layer is optionally deposited. After anneal and dopant activation, this optional deposited delta doped layer forms a threshold voltage setting region. Alternatively, or in addition, some diffusion from the screening region into the epitaxially deposited silicon layer can be used to aid in forming an offset voltage setting region. Epitaxial growth is continued to provide a substantially undoped channel for transistors that can be isolated from each other by shallow trench isolation. Following transistor isolation, the gate and spacer are fabricated. The source/drain and necessary extensions are formed by high concentration dopant implants, which require covering the substrate in areas in which PMOS devices are to be formed with a photoresist pattern; implanting (source/drain extension implant) low density n-type impurity ions into the substrate in regions where NMOS devices are to be formed; removing the photoresist pattern; covering the substrate in areas in which NMOS devices are to be formed with another photoresist pattern; implanting (source/drain extension implant) low density p-type impurity ions into the substrate in regions where PMOS device are to be formed; and removing the photoresist pattern. Next, spacers are formed, and optional stress layers comprising material suitable to apply a stress to the channel region when applied adjacent to or abutting the channel can be formed. For example, forming a stress layer for PMOS devices requires providing an oxide mask which exposes the source and drain of the PMOS devices while covering the NMOS devices; growing an epitaxial layer of, for example, SiGe; and removing the mask. Contacts and metals are then formed using masks to enable electrical contact with the devices.

Die supporting multiple transistor types, including those with and without DDC dopant structures, with or without punch through suppression, those having different threshold voltages, those with and without threshold voltage being set in part by delta doped threshold voltage structures, and with and without static or dynamic biasing are contemplated. Electronic devices that include the disclosed transistor structures can incorporate die configured to operate as “systems on a chip” (SoC), advanced microprocessors, radio frequency, memory, and other die with one or more digital and analog transistor configurations, and are capable of supporting a wide range of applications, including wireless telephones, communication devices, “smart phones”, embedded computers, portable computers, personal computers, servers, and any other electronic device that can benefit from performance improvement. Electronic devices can optionally include both conventional transistors and transistors as disclosed, either on the same die or connected to other die via motherboard, electrical or optical interconnect, stacking or through used of 3D wafer bonding or packaging. According to the methods and processes discussed herein, a system having a variety of combinations of DDC and/or transistor devices, gate and spacer sizes, and strain or other structures can be produced on silicon using planar bulk CMOS processing techniques. In different embodiments, the die may be divided into one or more areas where dynamic bias structures, static bias structures or no-bias structures exist separately or in some combination. In a dynamic bias section, for example, dynamically adjustable devices may exist along with high and low V_(T) devices and possibly DDC logic devices.

While certain exemplary embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention, and that this invention not be limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described, since various other modifications may occur to those ordinarily skilled in the art. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor structure, comprising: at least one transistor, the transistor having: a gate with an effective gate length; a source region; a drain region; an epitaxially grown channel layer below the gate and extending between the source region and the drain region; a first highly doped layer below the channel layer and coextensive therewith, the first highly doped layer effective to set threshold voltage for the transistor; a second highly doped layer below the first highly doped layer and coextensive therewith, the second highly doped layer effective to set a depletion depth for the transistor; a third highly doped layer below the second highly doped layer and coextensive therewith, the third highly doped layer effective to function as a punch through suppression layer; wherein the transistor is haloless.
 2. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second highly doped layer has a dopant concentration of between about 5×10¹⁸ to 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³.
 3. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the first highly doped layer has a dopant concentration of between about 1×10¹⁸ to 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³.
 4. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second highly doped layer is electrically coupled to a circuit designed to produce a body bias to the transistor.
 5. The semiconductor structure of claim 4, wherein the body bias may be static or dynamic.
 6. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, further comprising a shallow trench isolation region to separate and isolate the transistor from another transistor in the semiconductor structure.
 7. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second highly doped layer has a dopant concentration greater than each of the dopant concentrations of the first highly doped layer and the third highly doped layer.
 8. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the channel layer is undoped.
 9. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the transistor includes a gate spacer disposed directly on the gate.
 10. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the threshold voltage of the transistor is established by a thickness, dopant concentration, and distance from the gate of the first highly doped layer.
 11. A semiconductor structure, comprising: at least one transistor, the transistor having: a gate with an effective gate length Lg, the gate including gate spacers; a source region and a drain region, the source region and the drain region being formed by using the gate spacers as a positioning mask; an epitaxially grown channel layer below the gate and extending between the source region and the drain region, the epitaxially grown channel including applied stress; a first highly doped layer below the channel layer and coextensive therewith, the first highly doped layer effective to set a depletion depth for the transistor, the first highly doped layer being separated from the gate by a defined vertical distance of Lg/1.5 to Lg/5; a second highly doped layer below the first highly doped layer and coextensive therewith, the second highly doped layer effective to function as a punch through suppression layer; and a third highly doped layer above the second highly doped layer and coextensive therewith; wherein the first highly doped layer has the highest dopant concentration among the first, second, and third highly doped layers.
 12. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, wherein the first highly doped layer has a dopant concentration of between about 5×10¹⁸ to 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³.
 13. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, wherein the first highly doped layer is electrically coupled to a circuit designed to produce a body bias to the transistor.
 14. The semiconductor structure of claim 13, wherein the body bias may be static or dynamic.
 15. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, further comprising: a shallow trench isolation region to separate and isolate the transistor from another transistor in the semiconductor substrate.
 16. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, wherein the third highly doped layer is above the first highly doped layer.
 17. The semiconductor structure of claim 16, wherein the third highly doped layer has a dopant concentration of between about 1×10¹⁸ to 1×10¹⁹ atoms/cm³.
 18. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, wherein the third highly doped layer has a dopant concentration greater than a dopant concentrations of the second highly doped layer.
 19. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, wherein the channel layer is undoped.
 20. The semiconductor structure of claim 11, wherein the gate spacers are disposed directly on the gate. 